U.S. Department of Justice

Mentally Ill Persons in Corrections

Mentally ill persons increasingly receive care provided by corrections agencies. In 1959, nearly 559,000 mentally ill patients were housed in state mental hospitals (Lamb, 1998). A shift to "deinstitutionalize" mentally ill persons had, by the late 1990s, dropped the number of persons housed in public psychiatric hospitals to approximately 70,000 (CorrectCare, 1999). As a result, mentally ill persons are more likely to live in local communities. Some come into contact with the criminal justice system.

In a 2006 Special Report, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) estimated that 705,600 mentally ill adults were incarcerated in State prisons, 78,800 in Federal prisons and 479,900 in local jails. In addition, research suggests that "people with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations at estimated rates ranging from two to four time the general population" (Prins and Draper, 2009). Growing numbers of mentally ill offenders have strained correctional systems.

Coming in Spring 2012: White Paper on Behavioral Health Needs

Adults with Behavioral Health Needs under Correctional Supervision: A Shared Framework for Reducing Recidivism and Promoting Recovery is a White Paper being prepared by the Council of State Governments Justice Center with support from, and in partnership with, the National Institute of Corrections (NIC) and the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA).

The framework is designed for state and local correctional administrators (institutional, probation, and parole) and community-based mental health and substance abuse agency leaders to plan and develop service responses that make efficient use of resources. Although by itself, it is not suitable for practitioners to use for clinical decision-making, or for decision making regarding youth in the juvenile justice system, it is meant to facilitate clear and consistent communication among system administrators. It can help professionals in each system target the right individuals, ensure responsible and effective practices, and better match responses to needs.

The framework can help professionals in the criminal justice and behavioral health systems in the following ways: Ensure that scarce resources are spent effectively; advance collaboration and communication; and encourage responsible and effective practices.

The white paper will be available for dissemination in Spring 2012.

New Project: Evaluating Early Access to Medicaid as a Reentry Strategy

Background
Prison and jail inmates with physical health, mental health, and substance use problems experience more reintegration difficulties upon release, and typically have poorer outcomes with respect to employment, re-offending, and re-incarceration. Maintaining treatment for these health problems may help to improve post-release outcomes. Many inmates presently receive health care while incarcerated, but a lack of health insurance and other barriers contribute to declines in health treatment and functioning once released. Access to care through insurance coverage helps not only the individual, but may also lower societal health care and criminal justice system expenditures by reducing costly emergency room visits, enabling individuals to work, and decreasing repeat criminal activity.

Project Purpose
This study, supported by the National Institute of Corrections and conducted by the Urban Institute, will assess whether currently available Medicaid coverage—for example, in states that cover childless adults under age 65—helps newly released inmates access health care and, thereby, contributes to improved employment and recidivism outcomes. Data collection activities are planned for 2012–2013, and study findings on Medicaid impacts will be available in 2014.

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Recommended Reading

Date Title Type
2009

NIC Publication
This 3-hour program, originally broadcast July 15, 2009, will provide an overview of opportunities that can help your organization prepare to work with persons suffering from mental illness in jails. Mental health issues in the criminal justice syste... Read More
VIDEO
2009

NIC Publication
“This guide is organized around policymakers’ common questions about people with mental illnesses under community corrections supervision and the type and effectiveness of strategies designed to respond to this population” (p.3). Sections include: ex... Read More
PDF
2004

NIC Publication
"[H]istorical , legal, and ethical issues relevant to dealing with mental illness in the field of corrections" are discussed (p. iii). Chapters include: introduction; screening and assessment; mental health and substance abuse treatment; use of seclu... Read More
PDF
2002

NIC Publication
Issues faced by jails that must deal with increasing numbers of inmates with serious mental illnesses are addressed. Topics discussed include: essential jail-based service components for mentally ill inmates; creative approaches to meet the service n... Read More
2006

NIC Publication
This newsletter is produced with NIC support and focuses on prevention strategies.... Read More
WEB
2002

NIC Publication
Information regarding cooperation between correctional agencies and mental health authorities to ensure continuity of care and adequate treatment for offenders with mental illness or mental health problems is provided. Participants will learn about: ... Read More
2010

NIC Publication
This report “does more than simply present a calculation of suicide rates. It presents the most comprehensive updated information on the extent and distribution of inmate suicides throughout the country, including data on the changing face of suicide... Read More
PDF
2002

NIC Publication
Behavior health care services for offenders under community supervision are addressed. This program covers: mental illness and its impact on individuals in community corrections; special issues with behavioral managed care in criminal justice; the hi... Read More
1996

NIC Publication
Fifteen contributors provide ten chapters in this document, titled as follows: 1. The Challenge of Responding to Persons with Mental Illness on Community Corrections Supervision; 2. Persons with Mental Illness on Probation and Parole: The Importance ... Read More
PDF
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Related Resources

Date Title Type
2001

NIC Publication
Results of a survey on correctional agency management of and provision of treatment to inmates with mental health care needs are presented. This report examines: the numbers of inmates needing mental health care; approaches to identifying and providi... Read More
PDF
2004

NIC Publication
"[H]istorical , legal, and ethical issues relevant to dealing with mental illness in the field of corrections" are discussed (p. iii). Chapters include: introduction; screening and assessment; mental health and substance abuse treatment; use of seclu... Read More
PDF
1994

NIC Publication
This report on the proceedings of the first national forum on mental health services in jails contains copies of the remarks made by the speakers and summaries of each session of the meeting. The forum resulted from a strong concern about the numbers... Read More
PDF
1994

NIC Publication
This concept paper examines mentally ill offenders and their special needs that must be addressed when they come in contact with the criminal justice system. The various points of contact are with police, jails/lockups, prisons, probation and parole,... Read More
PDF
1995

NIC Publication
This report presents the results of a national survey of jail-based mental health staffing and services. The report summarizes the major findings of the survey and provides data for each responding jurisdiction. Data collected include: population siz... Read More
PDF
1990

NIC Publication
A conference was held on April 2, 1990 that brought together mental health, correctional, and law enforcement professionals to address issues surrounding the mentally ill person who comes in contact with the local jail. Research and program reviews f... Read More
PDF
1990

NIC Publication
The Illinois Department of Corrections conducted a survey of all 50 states to determine the prevalence of inmates who have special medical or mental health needs. Within the 31 states responding, .08 percent to 8.2 percent of prison inmates fell into... Read More
PDF
1987

NIC Publication
Areas addressed include history of mental health in jails, major types of mental disorders, personality disorders, suicide awareness/prevention, and liability and negligence. Length of training is sixteen hours. Audience includes correctional profess... Read More
PDF
2005

NIC Publication
Proceedings from hearings regarding mentally ill offenders are provided. Contents of this publication include: executive summary; outline of proceedings; opening remarks and introduction; hearing panel -- setting the context -- the increasing number... Read More
PDF
2008

Suggestions are given for ways to fund mental health services for juvenile offenders. Four sections follow an introduction -- background; program funding descriptions for seven programs profiled in the "Blueprint for Change"; analysis and lessons lea... Read More
PDF
2008

Selected presentations from this conference make up this volume. Thirty-nine articles are organized into the following areas: challenges of correctional and criminal psychology; risk assessment; interventions; police and court psychology; profession... Read More
PDF
2008

Eligibility, data collection, definitions, and post-screening coordination are described for M.S. 260B.007, subd. 6, the enabling legislation addressing the mental health screening of youth ages 10-18 under custody of the Minnesota Department of Corr... Read More
PDF
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