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Gangs (Security Threat Groups)

Gangs are a continuing national problem that all elements of the public safety community must effectively manage. In a 2012 survey analysis, the Bureau of Justice National Gang Center found that "Following a marked decline from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, the prevalence rate of gang activity significantly increased between 2001 and 2005 and has since remained fairly constant". The research highlighted on this page covers a range of gang related, corrections topics from slang words used by prison gangs to prevention and intervention for gang-affiliated girls.

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Resources Guide

The following are a list of "top-shelf" resources that have been hand-picked by our library team around this topic. If you're wanting some additional research assistance on this topic, please contact our help desk. They have access to specialized databases and thousands of resources you won't find online. Click on a heading below to browse resources in that section.

General - 7 items(s)

Resources
Gangs in the United States (2012). You will find the most extensive "alphabetical listing of gang acronyms, abbreviations, identifiers, and graffiti tags used in the United States" at this website. This resource is for you if you need to find some basic information about gangs.
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National Gang Threat Assessment 2009 (2009). The serious threat that criminal gangs pose to public safety is explained. Sections of this report include: key findings; scope and methodology; key questions and assumptions; gang proliferation; gang membership; gang types; criminal activities; illicit finance; gang communications; gang members in the military; gang relationships with DTOs (drug trafficking organizations) and other criminal organizations; cross-border gang activity; gang activity in Indian Country; female involvement in gangs; outlook; regional summaries; Central region; East region; New England region; Northwest region; Pacific region; Southeast region; Southwest region; maps; street gangs; prison gangs; and outlaw motorcycle gangs.
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Sharing Gang Intelligence Bridging the Gap: Corrections - Police - Educators [Satellite/Internet Broadcast] (2008). Gangs are a growing national problem that all elements of the public safety community must effectively manage. Collaboration and information sharing are key to managing gangs effectively and safeguarding public and institutional safety. A diverse panel of experts addresses various processes, methods, technologies, partnerships, and information sharing programs related to gangs and their potential networks of intelligence. This broadcast will be of interest to police, corrections, military, and criminal justice educational agencies. Discussion topics include the following: [list] [*Value of correctional intelligence*] [*Available technologies and good intelligence sharing programs*] [*How gang intelligence is gathered in prison and jail and the correctional intelligence cycle*] [*Recruitment of terrorists in prison or jail*] [*And police/corrections partnerships.*] [/list]
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History of Street Gangs in the United States (2010). This bulletin should be the first stop for anyone interested in gangs and their history. Topics discussed include: the influence of population migration patterns on gang emergence; street gang emergence in the Northeast; gangs in New York City; modern-day Eastern gangs; street gangs in Chicago; modern-day Midwest gangs; gang names and alliances; gang growth in the West; Los Angeles’ gangs; modern-day gangs in the West; gang emergence in the South; immigrant group waves; “transnational” gangs; 18th Street Gang; Mara Salvatrucha 13; Central America gang member estimates; U.S. gang involvement in drug trafficking along the U.S.-Mexico border; cartel territories and drug routes; gang influence along the U.S.-Mexico border; the revolving door of transnational gang member migration; and concluding observations.
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Gang Clothing (2010). The unique contribution of this article is its list of sports team apparel/logos and associated gangs. In addition, the general clothing and styles worn by gangs are described.
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If You Don't Know About Gangs - You Should, Parts I-III (2012). This series of articles provide a general primer about gangs on the street and in prisons. Topics discussed include what a gang is, gang violence, reasons juveniles join gangs, the gang leader, gang protectiveness, and recruiting of new members. Information is then provided for the Bloods, Crips, Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation (Latin Kings), Neta Association, Mara Sakvatrucha (MA, MS-13), Folk Nation, Mexican Mafia, Juggalo, and skinheads.
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Security Threat Group Prevention, Identification and Management Strategy (2012). “The purpose of this document is to establish updated policies and procedures for the identification of criminal gangs and their affiliates. Further, this proposal establishes a uniform process for the management of these groups and other individuals within the CDCR [California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation] … [and] creates a graduated privilege process associated with individual offender behaviors” (p. 10). This document is comprised of nine sections: background; definitions; purpose and scope; roles and responsibility; certification process; validation process; security threat group management; debriefing; and implementation process.
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Gangs & Reentry - 2 items(s)

Resources
Guidelines to Gang Reentry (2010). This guide provides suggestions “to assist gang-involved individuals returning to the community from confinement … [and] for planning interventions for gang-involved defendants/offenders, along with helpful hints for facilitating effective and efficient reentry.” Sections following the “Literature Review: Reentry and Gang-Affiliated Offenders” by James Howell are: institutional phase of reentry from intake to release; structured reentry phase—transitional work done by both the institution and community corrections; the community reintegration phase overseen by community corrections officers; and guiding principles for community reintegration.
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Do No Harm: A Briefing Paper on the Reentry of Gang-Affiliated Individuals in New Jersey (2007). Strategies for reintegrating gang-affiliated offenders into New Jersey communities are explained. Sections after an executive summary are: introduction; background and context -- gangs and gang interventions, reentry dynamics of gang-affiliated individuals, and gang-related prison and parole programs in New Jersey; promising strategies -- pre-release and post-release interventions; and lessons learned.
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Prison Gangs - 11 items(s)

Resources
Locked Down: Gangs in the Supermax (2012). The activities of gangs in the supermax at California’s Pelican Bay State Prison are investigated. Resultant findings are posted to this website. Here you can listen to an hour long documentary regarding gangs in the supermax, read the transcript, hear extended interviews from former gang members and prison staff, read about the author’s experience inside the prison, and read a three part expose.
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Prison Offenders: Prison Gangs, Prison Stories, Prison News (2011). Descriptions of various topics related to prison offenders can be found at this website. If you want a quick introduction to various prison issues this is a good place to start. Points of entry include: about the website; topics; news; White gangs; Hispanic gangs; Black gangs; videos; prison art; prison tattoos; correctional officer job description; and prison weapons.
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Prison Gangs: A Review and Survey of Strategies (2009). Results are reported from a study about gangs and Security Threat Groups (STGs) in U.S. prisons. In particular, gang interventions, identification and mapping of gangs, and gang management strategy evaluation are examined. Findings are organized into the following areas: STG and gang membership; STG management strategies; strategies for reducing STG recruitment; reducing STG influence; STG and gang renunciation and treatment; and STG and gang investigation. “Overall, while there is clear evidence showing that prison gangs/STG represent significant challenges for American prison systems, there is no one clear strategy for the management, monitoring, or evaluating the relative effectiveness of current gang management interventions. The primary reason for the lack of coordination and/or investigation is attributable to a lack of resources for STG investigations and coordination between the different jurisdictions (e.g., local jails, as well as state and federal prisons)” (p. 5).
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Gangland Behind Bars: How and Why Organized Criminal Street Gangs Thrive in New Jersey’s Prisons . . . And What Can Be Done About It (2009). An exhaustive investigation regarding the impact of gangs on New Jersey’s correctional system is described. Individuals that deal with gang intelligence and intervention will find the observations made during this comprehensive examination informative and the source of ideas on how to reduce the effects of gangs in their own agencies. Sections after an executive summary are: introduction; key findings for inmate financial transactions, inmate communications, security lapses and contraband, inadequate gang identification and intelligence, systemic vulnerabilities in DOC personnel practices, and dysfunctional investigative apparatus; and referrals and six recommended focus areas.
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Prison Slang Words (2011). This list of words tends to focus on gang slang.
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Deradicalization: A Review of the Literature with Comparison to Findings in the Literatures on Deganging and Deprogramming (2010). “This research brief reviews the literature on deradicalization and evaluates the methodology of deradicalization programs, based on the research identifying individual motivations for entering and exiting terrorist organizations, providing comparison with relevant findings in the literatures on “deprogramming” of cult members and “deganging” (p. 1). This literature review begins with a discussion of the affiliative factors contributing to a person’s radicalization at the mass, group, and individual levels. Ideology does not seem to be “the” or possibly even “a” primary factor. The study continues with reasons for exiting, factors that may inhibit leaving an extremist group, and deradicalization efforts. Following these sections is a look at gangs and cults. It appears that deradicalization, deganging, and deprogramming efforts are not overly effective because they do not address the central affiliative factors important to the individual.
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Terrorist Recruitment in American Correctional Institutions: An Exploratory Study of Non-Traditional Faith Groups (2007). The relationship between religious conversion in correctional facilities and terrorist recruitment (radicalization) is examined. Five chapters follow an executive summary: religious conversion and prisoner radicalization; methods and context; religious conversion in prison -- crisis converts, protection-seekers, the searchers, manipulating converts, free-world recruited converts, and the influence of chaplains; the terrorist threat; and conclusions and recommendations. "The study's main conclusion is that the danger to U.S. security is not the number of adherents to Islam, or to white supremacy religions, but in the potential for small groups of true believers to instigate terrorist acts upon their release from custody" (p. 5-6).
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Security Threat Groups (STGs) (2009). “The purpose of this Department Order is to minimize the threat that inmate gang or gang like activity poses to the safe, secure and efficient operation of institutions … Minimizing gang or gang like activity shall be accomplished by the identification, certification and validation of prison gangs and gang members, the debriefing and segregation of inmates who disavow gang membership, and a step-down process for gang members who participate in programming, shun gang activity and affiliation, and remain disciplinary free” (p. 2). Procedures cover: group certification and annual review; suspect identification and monitoring; individual validation; validation hearings; appeals; STG member debriefing; classification and management; STG Step-Down Program procedure; completion of the STG Step-Down Program at the Browning Unit; step-down transition to general population and monitoring; removal and termination from the STG Step-Down Program; record repository; and return to custody.
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Correctional Institution Inspection Committee: Security Threat Groups (2012). Issues related to security threat groups (STGs) in Ohio prisons are covered. Sections of this brief are: what a security threat group is; what they do; what the largest STGs are in Ohio prisons; STG statistics; STG management; STG identification; number of inmates identified as STG members by institution; and STG members by percent of institution population.
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Security Threat Groups on the Inside (2007). Answers to frequently asked questions about Security Threat Groups (STGs) or prison gangs are provided. Topics covered include: what a STG is; the 12 STGs recognized in Texas prisons; why an offender joins a STG; what the indicators of STG membership are; how STGs recruit members; what administrative segregation is; what a STG can do to your family if your son/daughter joins; what STG members and/or their family and friends face upon their release from prison; and what to do to get out of a STG.
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The Problem of Gangs and Security Threat Groups (STG’s) in American Prisons and Jails Today: Recent Findings from the 2012 NGCRC National Gang/STG Survey (2012). This is an excellent publication containing a wealth of information about problems associated with gangs and security threat groups (STGs) in American jails and prisons. Sections of this report include: introduction; prior research; definitions; methodology; characteristics of the responding correctional facilities; scope and extent of the gang/STG problem in American corrections; the issue of gang recruitment behind bars; the issues and controversies about religious worship for inmates and prisoners; the issue of racial extremism and racial conflict behind bars; the issue of gang renunciation—getting out of the gang behind bars; housing gang inmates separate or together—which is best; the politics of gang/STG problems in American corrections; gang/STG abuse of mail and telephone communications in American corrections; other types of problems behind bars caused by gangs/STGs; strategies to control gangs/STG’s behind bars; what should be done to respond to the gang/STG problem; and summary and conclusions. “There are many complex and intricate aspects of the gang/STG problem behind bars. This study is the latest in a long series of prison gang/STG surveys conducted by the National Gang Crime Research Center (NGCRC) dating back to the early 1990's. We are not seeing the gang/STG problem level off yet, which means that gang density is on the rise. The fact is it may be possible at this point for gangs to claim that they run the jails and prisons, because of the power they wield there. We are not seeing any optimism about the chances of reducing or curtailing the gang/STG problem behind bars. Most of the respondents were pessimistic about the future: they expect the gang or STG problem to increase in the next few years” (p. 29).
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Youth Gangs - 4 items(s)

Resources
The National Gang Center (2009). Information about the National Gang Center can be found at this website. Points of entry are: the latest news; training; policy issues; web resources; threat assessments; surveys and analysis; and contact information.
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Highlights of the 2010 National Youth Gang Survey (2012). Those individuals concerned about juvenile gangs in the United States should read this review. Sections of this summary are: key points; survey findings for gang-related offenses, gang-member migration, and external gang influences; and conclusion. “The prevalence rate of gang activity remained relatively stable from 2005 to 2010, in contrast to the drop in overall crime over the past decade. In 2010, gang activity and serious gang crime remained highly concentrated in the most populated jurisdictions. Nationally, gang-related homicides increased more than 10 percent from 2009 to 2010 in very large cities” (p. 4).
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It's About Time: Prevention and Intervention Services for Gang-Affiliated Girls (2012). “This NCCD Focus highlights the vulnerabilities and consequences of gang involvement for girls, the service needs of girls in gangs and girls at risk of joining gangs, as well as the importance of addressing these service needs as a critical gang violence-prevention strategy. It also provides examples of how various programs are currently addressing the gender-specific service needs of girls involved in gangs” (p. 1). Sections of this publication include: introduction; risk factors and costs for girls; the view from service providers—the service needs of girls at risk of gang involvement (life skill classes, mentorship, and peer support), the service needs of girls in gangs (sexual abuse and gang desistance), the service needs of girls in juvenile halls (legal education services, recidivism prevention, and creative therapeutic services); examples of programming and services for girls—Girls & Gangs, Kevin Grant Consulting, Barrios Unidos, Fathers & Families of San Joaquin, and Operation Peacekeeper; and conclusion.
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Review of the Phoenix/New Freedom Gang Intervention Curriculum (2009). Results are provided from an assessment of the Phoenix/New Freedom gang intervention curriculum. This review contains these sections: background; general findings; conclusion and recommendations; and summary of telephone survey findings from New Jersey, Wisconsin, Florida, New Mexico, Georgia, and Ohio. The curriculum appears less than effective for females and younger children, yet still shows some promise.
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